Essay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - 2703 Words

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental, physical, and behavioral defects that may develop in the unborn child when its mother drinks during pregnancy. These defects occur primarily during the first trimester when the teratogenic effects of the alcohol have the greatest effect on the developing organs. The symptoms associated with FAS have been observed for many centuries, but it was not until 1968 that Lemoine and his associates formally described these symptoms in the scientific literature, and again in 1973 when Jones and associates designated a specific pattern of altered growth and dysmorphogenesis as the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Rostand, p. 302). The set of abnormalities characterized by Jones†¦show more content†¦333). Clearly the incidence of this syndrome could be greatly reduced, and possibly prevented, through education on the topic. This paper will present the metabolic basis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, the pathogenic basis for brain and facial anomalie s associated with FAS, and the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the immune system. Characteristics of diagnosing FAS will follow the discussion of those factors causing the symptoms of this disease. As stated earlier, alcohol has its greatest effect on the developing embryo during the first trimester of pregnancy with its teratogenic effect causing mental retardation as well as characteristic craniofacial abnormalities that are characteristic of the disease. It has also been demonstrated with experimental animal models that there is a clear dose-response effect between the amount of alcohol consumed by the mother and the risk that is associated with developing FAS symptoms (Walpole, p. 875). It has been proposed by Walpole and associates that there are various degrees to which the fetus An be effected. Walpole uses the term fetal alcohol syndrome to refer to serious effects due to heavy maternal drinking and fetal alcohol effect to refer to those effects thought to occur with lower maternal alcohol intake (Walpole, p. 875). Regardless of the degree to whichShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome942 Words   |  4 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women andRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome â€Å"If women didn’t drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect† (McCuen 33). This is a very powerful statement. It is also a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. â€Å"Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant â€Å" (McCuen 34). That is 1 to 3 per 1,000 live birthsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pageslead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus during growthRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesof prenatal alcohol exposure (Lupton, 2003). This number will only continue to grow if the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant i s not brought to the people’s attention. When the mother takes a drink of alcohol, so does the fetus, which will cause physical and behavioral problems after birth. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is completely preventable and irreversible. FAS awareness and prevention is important; expectant mothers need to know the background information about the syndrome, some commonRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies, these features include: #61558; Small eye openings #61558; Flat cheekbones #61558; Flattened groove between nose and upper lip #61558; Thin upper lip These characteristicsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a mental and physical birth defect. It occurs when a pregnant women consumes high levels of alcohol during her pregnancy. The effects of FAS can be traumatic in some cases, and in others children were slightly affected by exposure to alcohol. FAS has a wide range of effects on the fetus and infant, retarded growth, under developed facial features, slow cognitive development, and many more. The evidence of cases is overwhelming, yet in some societies it is still anRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder that can happen to children whose mothers drank sufficient amounts of alcohol sometime throughout their pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition classified in a group called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and is the most known and severe of the group. FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1Read MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyou want your child to have FAS? Read on and I believe you will come to the same conclusion as I have about FAS. FAS doesn’t sound so bad, but in reality it is. FAS means Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS is a combination of physical and mental defects first evident at a baby’s birth. FAS is a direct result of a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. These defects continue through out the child’s life. One in five hundred children are born with FAS. Your baby is at risk no matter how much liquor youRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is an increasing problem in our world today. At least 5,000 infants are born each year with FAS, or about one out of every 750 live births, which is an alarming number. In the United States there has been a significant increase in the rate of infants born with FAS form 1 per 10,000 births in 1979 to 6.7 per 10,000 in 1993 (Chang, Wilikins-Haug, Berman, Goetz 1). In a report, Substance Abuse and the American Woman, sent out by the Center on Addiction

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An International Investment Portfolio Accounting Essay Free Essays

International investing seems to pull many investors resulted from the many benefits of the published international investing portfolio by houses all over the universe. Fund investors can play a portion in the economic growing of the other states, able to reexamine their rate of hazard, recognizing variegation effects and taking advantage of different market sections on a planetary graduated table. Globalization reflects the world-wide growing of marketing single states. We will write a custom essay sample on An International Investment Portfolio Accounting Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now These advantages may look alluring but the hazards involved for international investing must non be overlooked. In an international investing position, fiscal investings are non merely subjected to currency and political hazard. However, there are many organisations drawbacks and troubles, one of which is related to revenue enhancement issues. These failings of an organisation normally benefited those investors who are able to pull off to get the better of those troubles in a well-organised attack. 1 Introduction The international economic activities presently have been increased dramatically due to the investing of concern internationally. International economic systems have become incorporated through a huge web of communicating and trade with the aid of globalisation. Due to globalisation, international flow of fiscal assets have been improved by many progresss in better lower cost of communicating and conveyance, which means that geographical distances are unimportant and therefore national economic systems are closely linked. Investing portfolio normally involves the purchase of bonds, portions, stocks and assets by foreign international investors, all of them with the cardinal aim of accomplishing a fiscal net income. It works in a assortment of different ways toward the end of conserving and bring forthing net incomes. Money could be made from perchance any investing environment even though international fiscal markets are really much composite. International portfolio investing is someway hazardous. The greatest challenge faced about by all investors in doing an investing portfolio work is by cognizing precisely what to make at the right clip. The factors that usually affects are foreign exchange rates, involvement rates and revenue enhancement rates on involvements. Therefore, a well-diversified portfolio is recommended to extenuate hazard. When the investors want to broaden their investing, they will detect the international market and puting in foreign companies. The important ground why internation al portfolio investing might heighten stable returns and cut down hazard is the broader variegation. One of the benefits of broader variegation is risk-return trade-off, which is more profitable while puting internationally. Another possible benefit is the variegation of currency, which means it non merely exposed a foreign company ‘s operation, but besides to this foreign currency. As an investing fund director, the direction includes make up one’s minding what assets to buy, how many to buy, and when is the best clip to buy. These determinations must hold some analysis of measurings, which typically involves expected return on the portfolio and the hazard on the return. 2 Evaluation of the listed houses 2.1 Brief debut of the 3 list houses DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘ Code: CN: DDS ( P ) explain SPECIALTY FASH.GP. ( BER ) Code: Calciferol: MVJ ( P ) explain Pacific Internet Code: Joule: PNET ( P ) explain 2.2 Asses the VaR exposure of the investings 2.3 Analyzing the economic exposure of each company Figure2.3.1: Figure 2.3.2: Figure 2.3.3: 2.3.1 Arrested development Analysis Arrested development analysis is a widely used statistical tool agencies on concentrating on analysing the relationship between a dependant variable, Y, and independent variable, X, utilizing the simple additive theoretical account Y = a + bX. Regression analysis gives an apprehension on how the dependant variable Y alterations with changing independent variable Ten. The values of X and Y are inputted into Microsoft Excel and by utilizing the arrested development attack, values of a and B are calculated. Excel will so end product a drumhead consisted of a arrested development statistics table and ANOVA. The R2 is a grade of fluctuation, measured in per centum, in the dependant variable that can be accounted for by the independent variables. Multiple R is fundamentally the square root of R2. The standard mistake is an estimated value that is determined by Excel in concurrence with the estimated coefficient. Adjusted R2 is calculated utilizing All calculated values are as shown in table 2.3.1.1. explain observations ( N ) . Arrested development Statisticss DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘ SPECIALTY FASH.GP. Pacific Internet Multiple R 0.59815775 0.608295486 0.907217302 R2 0.357792693 0.370023398 0.823043232 Adjusted R2 0.356552911 0.368816546 0.822704235 Standard Error 2300.212343 38.18072501 118.5093191 Observations 520 524 524 Table 2.3.1.1:Arrested development Statisticss 2.3.2 ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ) There are two tabular arraies in ANOVA. 2.3.2.1 ANOVA OUTPUT I The constituents of the ANOVA were tabulated utilizing the undermentioned equations: P represents the figure of coefficients and K represents the entire figure of coefficients which in this instance k=p+1= 2. Regression df = k – 1. Residual df = n – K. Entire df = n – 1. Entire SS = Regression SS + Residual SS. Regression MS = Regression SS/ ( k – 1 ) . Residual MS = Residual SS/ ( n – K ) . F =Regression MS/Residual MS. Significance F = FDIST ( F, k – 1, n – K ) . The consequences are as shown in tabular arraies 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.2.3. Analysis of variance df United states secret service Multiple sclerosis F Significance F Arrested development 1 1526939549 1526939549 288.59 8.99811 A ; times ; 10-52 Residual 518 2740725995 5290976 N/A N/A Entire 519 4267665544 N/A N/A N/A Table 2.3.2.1:ANOVA end product I – DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘ Analysis of variance df United states secret service Multiple sclerosis F Significance F Arrested development 1 446954.807 446954.807 306.6 2.40467 A ; times ; 10-54 Residual 522 760954.772 1457.8 N/A N/A Entire 523 1207909.58 N/A N/A N/A Table 2.3.2.2:ANOVA end product I – Forte FASH.GP. Analysis of variance df United states secret service Multiple sclerosis F Significance F Arrested development 1 34098162.8 34098162.8 2427.9 1.8982 A ; times ; 10-198 Residual 522 7331207.45 14044 N/A N/A Entire 523 41429370.2 N/A N/A N/A Table 2.3.2.3:ANOVA end product I – PACIFIC Internet 2.3.2.2 ANOVA OUTPUT II The following phase is the coefficients. ( Note that the Numberss have been converter to 3 denary topographic points to salvage infinite ) . It gives the coefficient for each parametric quantity, including the intercept. T-stat value is the ratio of the estimated coefficient value divided by the standard mistake value. T-stat value can be compared across all variables in comparing with the criterion error.. The p-value is associated with the variable, and the assurance intervals of the parametric quantity estimates as evaluated by Excel. Analysis of variance Coefficients Std. Mistake T stat P-value Lower 95 % Upper 95 % Intercept -4642.803 833.091 -5.573 4 A ; times ; 10-8 -6279.455 -3006.151 X Var 1 1212.5559 71.377 16.988 9 A ; times ; 10-52 1072.332 1352.78 Table 2.3.3.1:ANOVA end product II – DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘ Analysis of variance Coefficients Std. Mistake T stat P-value Lower 95 % Upper 95 % Intercept 424.128 19.535 21.711 6 A ; times ; 10-75 385.751 462.505 X Var 1 -165.397 9.446 -17.51 2 A ; times ; 10-54 -183.953 -146.84 Table 2.3.3.2:ANOVA end product II – Forte FASH.GP. Analysis of variance Coefficients Std. Mistake T stat P-value Lower 95 % Upper 95 % Intercept -412.872 30.206 -13.67 1 A ; times ; 10-36 -472.213 -353.532 X Var 1 9.125 0.185 49.273 2 A ; times ; 10-198 8.761 9.488 Table 2.3.3.3:ANOVA end product II – Pacific Internet 2.3.3 Assurance Time intervals for Slope Coefficients 95 % assurance interval for incline coefficient A ; szlig ; 2 is from Excel end product ( -1.4823, 2.1552 ) . Excel computes this as b2 Â ± t_.025 ( 3 ) – Se ( b2 )= 0.33647 Â ± TINV ( 0.05, 2 ) – 0.42270= 0.33647 Â ± 4.303 – 0.42270= 0.33647 Â ± 1.8189= ( -1.4823, 2.1552 ) . Other assurance intervals can be obtained.For illustration, to happen 99 % assurance intervals: in the Regression duologue box ( in the Data Analysis Add-in ) , look into the Confidence Level box and set the degree to 99 % . 2.3.4 Test of Statistical Significance The coefficient of HH SIZE has estimated standard mistake of 0.4227, t-statistic of 0.7960 and p-value of 0.5095.It is hence statistically undistinguished at significance degree a = .05 as P gt ; 0.05. The coefficient of CUBED HH SIZE has estimated standard mistake of 0.0131, t-statistic of 0.1594 and p-value of 0.8880.It is hence statistically undistinguished at significance degree a = .05 as P gt ; 0.05. There are 5 observations and 3 regressors ( intercept and ten ) so we use t ( 5-3 ) =t ( 2 ) .For illustration, for HH SIZE P = =TDIST ( 0.796,2,2 ) = 0.5095. 2.3.5 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter Here we test whether HH SIZE has coefficient A ; szlig ; 2 = 1.0. Example: H0: A ; szlig ; 2 = 1.0 against Ha: A ; szlig ; 2? 1.0 at significance degree a = .05. Then T = ( b2 – H0 value of A ; szlig ; 2 ) / ( standard mistake of b2 ) = ( 0.33647 – 1.0 ) / 0.42270 = -1.569. 2.3.5.1 Using the p-value attack p-value = TDIST ( 1.569, 2, 2 ) = 0.257. [ Here n=5 and k=3 so n-k=2 ] . Do non reject the void hypothesis at degree.05 since the p-value is gt ; 0.05. 2.3.5.2 Using the critical value attack We computed t = -1.569 The critical value is t_.025 ( 2 ) = TINV ( 0.05,2 ) = 4.303. [ Here n=5 and k=3 so n-k=2 ] . So make non reject void hypothesis at degree.05 since T = |-1.569| lt ; 4.303. 2.3.6 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters We test H0: A ; szlig ; 2 = 0 and A ; szlig ; 3 = 0 versus Hour angle: at least one of A ; szlig ; 2 and A ; szlig ; 3 does non equal nothing. From the ANOVA tabular array the F-test statistic is 4.0635 with p-value of 0.1975. Since the p-value is non less than 0.05 we do non reject the void hypothesis that the arrested development parametric quantities are zero at significance degree 0.05. Conclude that the parametric quantities are jointly statistically undistinguished at significance degree 0.05. Note:Significance F in general = FINV ( F, k-1, n-k ) where K is the figure of regressors including the intercept. Here FINV ( 4.0635,2,2 ) = 0.1975. 2.3.7 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors See instance where x = 4 in which instance CUBED HH SIZE = x^3 = 4^3 = 64. yhat = b1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 = 0.88966 + 0.3365-4 + 0.0021-64 = 2.37006 2.3.8 Excel Restrictions Arrested development in Excel has a figure of restrictions: No standardized coefficients. It was really hard to construe unstandardised coefficients. The standardized coefficients could be calculated utilizing the unstandardised coefficient if it is needed. Lack of diagnostic graphs. The standard diagnostic graphs were non available in Excel, such as the secret plan of the remainders, the scatter-plot or remainders against predicted values. Lack of Diagnostic statistics. There were no co-linearity nosologies, which would supply a more apprehension of the informations that was analyzed. Excel standard mistakes and t-statistics and p-values are based on the premise that the mistake is independent with changeless variable. Excel does non supply alternaties, such autocorrelation criterion mistakes and t-statistics and p-values. 3 Decision 4 Mention hypertext transfer protocol: //www.qimacros.com/qiwizard/regression.html hypertext transfer protocol: //mallit.fr.umn.edu/fr4218/assigns/excel_reg.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jeremymiles.co.uk/regressionbook/extras/appendix2/excel/ How to cite An International Investment Portfolio Accounting Essay, Essay examples