The Limitations Of Introspection And Behaviorism - 1351 Words

Paper Assignment #1 From Chapter 1: What were the intrinsic limitations of introspection and behaviorism, and how did these limitations lead to the â€Å"cognitive revolution†? â€Å"This is because how people act is shaped by how people they perceive the situation, how they understand the stimuli, and so on,† (Cognition, pg. 13). This quote explains that studying the behaviors of the brain is somewhat of a difficult topic to study, since all individuals perceive information in their own way. When looking to describe the limitations of introspection and behaviorism it is important that you first understand what the words introspection and behaviorism stands for. Introspection is the ability to â€Å"observe and record the content of our own mental lives†¦show more content†¦As for the evidence of the working memory system, two British researches, Alan Baddley and Graham Hitch, have proposed a model in how to explain the working memory system. They have suggested that the system contains many different parts, and that the main working part of the system is the central executive. This central part is able to delegate tasks for the low-level à ¢â‚¬Å"assistants† to handle, since these assistants are not able to actually analyze a situation on their own. The articulatory rehearsal loop is one of the assistances that allows a person to remember, and is the most beneficial in many ways. This assistant allows you to recall information that is previously stated by repetitively stating the information in our head, which is known as subvolcalization, or silent speech. Furthermore, Baddley and Hitch’s model suggest that we are able to see the existence of this working memory through â€Å"sound-alike† errors, because our bodies rely on this rehearsal loop or memory to recall information. In a study, there was a control group which was given a normal digit-span test. In the other group, people were asked to perform concurrent articulation when they took the test. Although this concurrent articulation is not difficult, it does affect the use of the articulatory loop and decreases the memory. With that being said, manipulation of aShow MoreRelatedThe Introspection And Behaviorism Movements1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe introspection and behaviorism movements in psychology both had certain flaws and limitations that did not allow them to examine underlying cognitive processes. However, their flaws in studying psychology were on opposite sides of the same coin. The reconciliation of these two flawed fields, along with some other methods, led to the â€Å"cognitive revolution† and the eventual emergence of cognitive psychology (Cognition, p. 13) First, the introspection movement, led by Wundt and Titchener, soughtRead MoreHistory of Cognitive Psychology1666 Words   |  7 Pageshappened in the late 1950s, something so dramatic that it is now referred to as the ‘cognitive revolution,’ and the view of mental processes that it spawned is called ‘cognitive psychology.’ What happened was that American psychologists rejected behaviorism and adopted a model of mind based on the computer† (McClelland, 2001). â€Å"Cognitive Psychology has at least three diï ¬â‚¬erent meanings. First, the term refers to ‘a simple collection of topic areas,’ that is, of behaviorally observable or theoreticallyRead MoreOrigins of Behaviorism Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesOrigins of Behaviorism Behaviourism originated with the work of John B. Watson from 1913. BehaviourismRead MoreWhy Learning Theories Are Relative And How They Affect Behavior Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagescan provide educators a means by which to plan, conduct and assess instructional lessons. It follows, then, for the educator to be fully aware of the underlying aspects behind any theory in which they attempt use during any instructional event. Behaviorism Behavioral learning theories began their evolution as explanations from experimental studies performed on animals. Consequently, this would ultimately lead scholars to draw comparisons between animals to child learning and then child learning toRead MoreApplying Learning Theory to Life1015 Words   |  5 Pageslearning (Jayakumar, 2010). In addition, it is also essentially important that a training module be created in a systematic manner, relating to the various learning levels and multiple intelligences, so to reach and encompass all learning types. Behaviorism is the psychology theory initiated from John B. Watson, and is grounded on the belief that behaviors can be measured, modeled and trained, as well as manipulated and changed (Cherry, 2013). This theory of learning is established on the concept thatRead MoreConsumer Buying Behavior1597 Words   |  7 Pages 1.5 Behaviorist Approach Behaviorism essentially is explained by external events and that all of the things that organisms do can be regarded as behaviors. There are different branches of behaviorism that differ each other in subtle ways. The classical behaviorism by John Watson considered study of behavior with absolutely no mental life or internal states. Skinner on the other hand founded â€Å"Radical Behaviorism† which acknowledges the mental life and introspection how still considers them as secondaryRead MoreThink, Feel, Act : The Story Of Emotion1869 Words   |  8 Pageslot of ways, the study of mind is little different from the study of soul, and thus, cognitive theories are no more scientific than the dualist theories they replaced. Another criticism for the Cognitive approach to emotion lies in the natural limitations of the theories. Both Schachter-Singer and Cognitive Appraisal theory uphold thought as vital for emotional perception, meaning emotions arise only in cognitive beings. Nowadays, many animals are thought to be capable of thought, but applyingRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods to study empirical data objectively. So I ve chosen to start in the year 1879 with the official opening of the first psychology laboratory by German physiologist Wilheim Wundt 1832-1920, although, nowadays his methods of experimental introspection are criticized for being too subjective and unreliable, his introduction to the idea of using laboratory apparatus and scientifically measuring Psychology, watered the seed for the growth of Psychology as a science for future psychologists. SuchRead MoreProgrammed To Be Free: Exploring Andrew Niccols Gatacca Essays1235 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess. The main premise of determinism is the following: all events are caused and there is nothing that we can do to avoid it. There are several forms of determinism: social, religious, biological, psychological. B.F.Skinner, father of radical behaviorism supported the idea that â€Å"freedom is a myth† and tried to prove how behavior responds to natural laws and to a stimuli- response model. Skinner’s ideas are still a subject of study and neuroscientists have a lot to say about determinism. Recent experimentsRead MoreFour Main Perspectives in Psychology2425 Words   |  10 Pagesand addiction. It is highly scientific as there are many experiments to support this theory. It emphasizes on objective measurement and data that can be quantitively measured. It also linked the way in which humans and animals learn behaviour. Limitations of behaviourism include that the scientific way in which the experiments are conducted tend to have low level of ecological validity. Humans also have personal agency and do not follow the deterministic laws of science. Cognitivism believes that

Discussions / Technology Management Operations Free Essays

Project management is an essential process that should be applied in operations in a company to ensure success leading to quality improvements. Toyota has practiced project management in most projects or initiatives carried out. In most cases, workers have been encouraged to carryout self tests when carrying out a given duty to ensure product conformity. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussions / Technology Management Operations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Toyota Company has carried out various statistical tests such as chi-square, hypothesis tests and came up with multiple regression tests to analyze the fitness of a new brand in the market (Tata Interactive Systems, n. d). Moreover, Toyota Company has trained its employees regularly to ensure they are the required expertise to achieve a continuous quality improvement in the company translating to improved customer satisfaction and cost efficiency production. TPS has been used as a potential through which improved quality productions can be achieved (Toyota Motor Corporation, 1998). Project Management concepts and their Applications in the workplace Toyota Production Systems (TPS) has been used as a way through which development can be achieved amongst people working in the global manufacturing arena. Toyota motor manufacturing Canada (TMMC) based their management processes on wise decision-making to ensure quality productions and continuous improvements (Johnson, n. d). TMMC has localized most of its operations to ensure increased market reachability and reliability through long-term relationship with its customers leading to increased profitability and market leadership in automobile productions. TMMC has developed strategies through which quality improvements can be achieved in the organization. TMMC has formed joint ventures with other companies to ensure profitability through shared responsibilities leading enhanced competitive advantage and sustainability in the market (Toyota’s driving force Baseline, 2006). TMMC that came up with the TPS as an initiative through which continuous quality production can be achieved in Toyota Company. TPS has been used for restructuring the production processes in the automobile companies leading to increased efficiency and effectiveness (Johnson, n. d). TMMC has used a just-in-time management system where production patterns are based on specific orders on demand to ensure no wastage of resources through reduced inventories and defects in production (Toyota Motor Corporation, 1998). Just-in-time production management system will be used in the company to eliminate non-value adding processes leading to reduced lead-time and increased customer satisfaction. TPS emphasizes on employee empowerment not necessarily through freedom but also through trainings, collaborations or joint ventures and to facilitate communication amongst stakeholders. Top management introduced new initiatives to the company upon approval by the internal stakeholders as a way through which the new project can be communicated and made visible in a company. Toyota Company implemented performance metrics through which business operations could be monitored to ensure cost efficiency (Johnson, n. d). In Toyota company, a flexibility system have used that emphasizes on continuous assessment of production operations to identify any defects and therefore find out the necessary remedies in time to avoid wastage of resources leading to improved productions (Toyota Motor Corporation, 1998). Performance levels have been assessed to ensure the right expertise required for any production is achieved to meet customer requirements. Quality performance standards have been set where workers monitor themselves by comparing quality of their productions with others in the company to ensure it conforms to the required standards (Toyota Motor Corporation, 1998). Workers have been encouraged to respond to presence of an error or defect in a product development phase positively to make the necessary decisions on how to go about it for example by using Six Sigma or multiple regression tests to ensure customer satisfaction. You have to identify possible causes of a problem, possible consequences and ways through which they can be reduced without incurring a lot of losses. In Toyota Company training is very essential and they consider this as a way through which employee empowerment can be achieved leading to improved productions to ensure success through improved customer satisfaction for example through asking yourself the why questions as you design a system (Toyota Motor Corporation, 1998). Toyota has encouraged interaction amongst its employees to harmonize the multicultural differences leading to dedicated teamwork towards achieving common company goals. TPS use in the company was aimed at proving a lasting solution to the critical threats in the production or product development life cycle in a cost effective way. Toyota has always carried out customer awareness tests for their products in the market by designing simulated designs and testing for product fitness in the market using a chi-square test (Tata Interactive Systems, n. d). Toyota has made various versions of simulated designs and carried out numerous regression tests to ensure a product is accepted in the market. The various simulated design versions is a potential way through which customer satisfaction can be easily achieved and in the same way new products will be easily developed through the different versions by simply making little improvements. Toyota has always carried out different tests such as chi-square in different places in the world to determine the brand fitness in the market depending on how many people are aware of it (Johnson, n. d). Conclusion Toyota is a very successful automobile manufacturing company in the global arena. Toyota has managed well its projects by carrying out different tests based on its products awareness and fitness in the market. Toyota has carried out multiple regression tests of its new products using simulated product designs developed in the markets to ensure customer satisfaction (Tata Interactive Systems, n. d). Employees have been encouraged to produce as many designs as possible to help them meet customer requirements. The employees are to asks themselves the why questions severally on every design produced that does not meet customer specifications to find possible solutions based on the decision made with the available information collected (Toyota’s driving force Baseline, 2006). Reference: Johnson, W.H.A. (n.d.). Toyota Motor Manufacturing Company Canada (TMMC): The Lexus RX 330 Line. Waltham, MA: Department of Management, Bentley College. [Viewed on 27th June 2009] Available at http://polaris.umuc.edu/~jstewart/Amba604/TMMCCase_Final.pdf Tata Interactive Systems (n.d.). Research methods for managerial decisions. [Viewed on 27th June 2009] Available at http://info.umuc.edu/mba/public/TIS/statistics/statistics_simulation.html Toyota’s driving force Baseline. (2006). [Viewed on 27th June 2009] Available at http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Past-News/Toyotas-Driving-Force/ Toyota Motor Corporation. (1998). The Toyota production system. [Viewed on 27th June] Available at http://www.toyotageorgetown.com/tps.asp How to cite Discussions / Technology Management Operations, Essays

By Means Of Power Essay Example For Students

By Means Of Power Essay By Means of PowerBoth Adrienne Rich and Audre Lorde, in their respective poems entitled Power, convey the idea that ones identity and sense of worth is defined by what they are willing to give up. This message is energized by the emotion the authors evoke through their ability to communicate a sense of experience. It is this experience as mothers and highly intelligent feminists that allow us to feel the unconditional caring towards humanity they are encouraging in their poems. In the opening lines of Lordes Power, The difference between poetry and rhetoric/is being/ready to kill/yourself/instead of your children(1-5), she immediately stresses the importance of putting your child before yourself. This is a metaphor for putting the needs of what is truly important before the needs of oneself. It is not only stated simply and bluntly, but the way the lines are broken up accent the idea. Ready to kill(3) is on its own line, while yourself(4) is on the next. This is the theme that is running throughout the entire poem. In the next section of Lordes poem she describes a dreamlike situation. This is where her son has been shot, probably in the face. Although blood from his punctured cheeks and shoulders/is the only liquid for miles(9-10), my mouth splits into dry lips(12). With the death of her boy she is willing to sacrifice her own need of any quenching of her lips. She is thirsting for the wetness of his blood(14) but it is more important to resist the temptat ion, trying to make power out of hatred and destruction(18). The power displayed in the third section of Lordes Power is that of hatred. A policeman has shot down a 10-year-old in Queens(21). This he justifies by saying I didnt notice the size or nothing else/only the color(26-27). This officer has taken the power entrusted into him by the citizens and used it for his own good. Or not even his own good but what he might consider beneficial to his people. This directly opposes what Lorde was saying at the beginning of the poem. He is not ready to kill himself instead of his children. And although he has actually killed a boy here that is not the only thing he has killed. He killed the idea of allowing someone else to have interests above what he might agree with. That same officer was acquitted for his crimes in the following section of the poem. The people who had the power to bring him to justice abused that power and by setting him free. The 11 white men who said they were satisfied/justice had been done(31-32) also used their power in numbe rs to corrupt the power of the one women who probably had the decency and power to know right from wrong. they had dragged her 410 black womans frame/over the hot coals of four centuries of white male approval/until she let go of the first real power she ever had(35-37). She had the opportunity to make a difference and she let her power go to the wayside. In looking at Adrienne Richs Power one senses the same theme as in that of Lordes Power. This is the tenet that one must put the good of a greater or another before that of oneself. This is what gives people true power and is evident in Richs depiction of Marie Curie. Marie Curie was born in Poland and would become famous for her research into radioactivity. She died as a result of this research and the over-exposure to the element she was working with. In living with the knowledge that she was suffering from ailments due to her work Curie she became a more empowered and powerful person. The idea that she must have known she suffered from radiation sickness(7) yet continued on in the search proved that her wounds came from the same source as her power(17). The wounds were her power. Curie knew that she had suffered and did not back down or fall to the wayside, she was up for the challenge. The element/she had purified(9) was important for the greater good of mankind, and Curie put th at before herself. The convictions that the people these two authors herald in their works are some of the noblest. There is no way to understand the power these women feel in standing for what they believe in. The belief that doing for others is more important than doing for yourself and that in turn you will receive a sense of power that only comes in not asking for it is greater than any sense of power taken by force or fraud.